标题:温带森林生物群落
作者:Bernd H. Kuenneck
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我的个人评价:4.5星
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书的主题

Kuenneck描述了温带森林生物群落的最重要特征，包括北方森林、温带落叶林和地中海生物群落。

我的评论

温带落叶林生物群落是人类历史上最丰富的资源之一。几千年来的三个主要文明(欧洲、东亚和美国东部)在这个生物群落中进化并不是偶然的。有了树木、降雨、肥沃的土壤和河流，这个生物群落为进步提供了最基本的地理要素。

书中的要点

以第三纪(<66 mya)树木为主。

北方森林生物群落:

典型的冰期;沼泽和湿地很常见;四属针叶树占主导地位:云杉、冷杉、松树和落叶松;两属阔叶树是常见的:桦树和白杨或白杨;北方森林沿着山脉向南延伸;平均气温在冰点或冰点以下长达六个月;温度季节变化大;年降雨量15-20英寸;超过一半的降水是在夏季;许多湖泊由于冰河时代的融水而形成了缓慢流动的溪流; limited activities of microorganism in soil layers allow a dense mat of needles to form on soil surface; this interferes with seedlings growing; Trees in one area are often only of 1-2 types; below the canopy of trees, few shrubs grow; conical shape of trees help to shed snow; thin narrow shape of trees reduces evaporation; deciduous larches dominate where climate is too cold and dry for conifers; trees are essentially dormant during long, cold winter; trees are not very tall (50-80 ft); border region between tundra and boreal forest is fluid; frequent bogs have plants that are common to Tundra biome; since snow melts first in south portions of watershed and snowmelt cannot move north, this creates many ponds and bogs; amount and type of trees varies by proximity to bogs and slight altitude rises; large forest fires occur at intervals of 50 to 100 years; this enables tree succession of differing species; availability of nitrogen is of supreme importance to growth of conifers; moss cover sucks out water and nutrients from soil and insulates soil causing permafrost to rise; this destroys all but the most shallow-rooted trees; animals have very limited types of food; needles are not palatable to most herbivores, except their buds, and nutrient value is low; herbivores typically depend on plants on forest floor, shrubs and broadleaf trees growing in or near bogs and burn sites; animals cannot depend on seeds in cones for food and often migrate south; many mammals and birds remain in boreal forest during high seed availability; few birds are year-round residents

温带落叶林生物群落:

最典型的树木是山毛榉;其他典型的树有桦树、枫树、白蜡树和胡桃树;大多数物种丰富的植被分布在中纬度地区;由于一般都有丘陵或山地地形，因此小气候数量多;富氮叶片的年分解有助于提高土壤肥力;大量的腐殖质使蚯蚓和穴居哺乳动物得以生存并使箔片透气;由于农业的发展，东亚和欧洲的森林已经所剩无几;降水通常全年均匀分布;生长季节通常长达六个月，在南部地区甚至更长;典型的:四季分明的; Alfisol soils are less weathered and develop in cooler regions; Ultisols (less fertile) are highly weathered and develop in warmer and wetter regions; Leaf that fall in autumn begin to decompose with rising temperatures in late winter and early spring, producing a humus layer; precipitation washes these nutrients into the soil just when plants need the fertilizer to grow rapidly in the spring; roots reach down into the B layer where nutrients accumulate; in spring spa rises from the roots to the branches; fresh young leaves of spring contain the highest amounts of nutrients, so insects time the hatching of larvae to this season; bird migrations are timed to meet the hatching of larvae; spring starts at the forest floor when there are no leaves on tree to block sunlight; tremendous variety of animal life; the food chain is powered by nutrient-rich plant matter in leaves, sap, seeds, nuts and berries; large proportion of bird are migratory insect-eaters;

地中海生态区:

在大陆的西部边缘;灌木对干旱、贫瘠土壤和火灾具有适应能力;阔叶树通常有坚韧的叶子，通常是常绿的;拥有世界上20%的植物物种，其中许多是生物群落特有的;沿海灌丛和内陆灌丛的差异是典型的;在山脉和风向支持更多降雨的地方，林地可以产生更高的海拔;林地在高纬度地区更为常见;气候的独特之处在于，降雨发生在冬季，而不是植物的生长季节;这导致了类似于沙漠生物群落的压力;

靠近海洋可以缓和气候;有一段有限但可预测的时间，在这段时间里，土壤有足够的水分和足够的温度来促进植物生长;没有单一的土壤类型是典型的生物群落;土壤条件以根区养分含量低为特征;火灾是常事